The United States and Iran continued high-stakes, face-to-face negotiations in Pakistan early Sunday, as a fragile two-week ceasefire struggles to hold amid a widening regional conflict that has entered its seventh week.
The talks, taking place in Islamabad, come as the war has already claimed thousands of lives and disrupted global energy markets. U.S. President Donald Trump described the negotiations as “very deep,” even as Iranian state media pointed to “serious” differences between the two sides.
Leading the delegations are U.S. Vice President JD Vance and Iranian Parliament Speaker Mohammad Bagher Qalibaf, with Pakistani officials facilitating discussions aimed at sustaining the ceasefire and preventing further escalation. The negotiations also involve indirect participation from regional powers seeking to stabilize the situation.
The conflict, which began on Feb. 28, has had devastating consequences across the Middle East. Casualties have surpassed 3,000 in Iran and over 2,000 in Lebanon, while additional deaths have been reported in Israel and Gulf Arab states. Infrastructure damage across multiple countries has compounded the humanitarian crisis.
A major flashpoint remains the Strait of Hormuz, a critical global oil route now largely restricted due to Iran’s control. The U.S. military announced that naval forces, including destroyers and underwater drones, are preparing to begin mine-clearing operations to restore maritime traffic. However, Iranian authorities have disputed aspects of the U.S. claims.
Iran has laid out firm “red lines” in the negotiations, including demands for compensation for damage caused by U.S. and Israeli strikes, the release of frozen assets, and an end to attacks on its regional allies. Tehran has also called for reduced Israeli military activity in southern Lebanon as a condition for progress.
Meanwhile, the United States is pushing a broader framework that includes curbing Iran’s nuclear ambitions and reopening the Strait of Hormuz to global shipping.
The war has also drawn in Iran-backed Hezbollah, intensifying fighting in Lebanon where Israeli airstrikes and ground operations continue despite the broader ceasefire efforts. The group’s involvement has complicated negotiations, with Israel insisting on its disarmament as part of any long-term solution.
In a parallel diplomatic track, Israel and Lebanon are expected to begin direct negotiations in Washington, marking a rare development given the absence of formal relations between the two countries.
Back in Iran, citizens expressed a mix of skepticism and cautious hope after weeks of destruction. Many emphasized that peace alone would not be enough without addressing the significant economic and human costs of the war.
Adding a moral dimension to the crisis, Pope Leo XIV condemned the conflict, warning against what he described as a “delusion of omnipotence” driving the violence.
As negotiations continue, the outcome remains uncertain, with deep divisions still evident and the stakes higher than ever for regional stability and the global economy.